桂林环球雅思培训学校专注雅思培训,桂林环球教育开设雅思小班、雅思基础班、雅思强化班、雅思封闭住宿班等,同时开设SAT、GRE、AP、ACT、出国留学等服务,针对不同学员的自身情况量身定制。七星雅思7分培训班,雅思.桂林雅思培训,桂林出国语言培训,雅思辅导班、雅思备考,桂林环球雅思经典格言:即要做学生的朋友,又要做自己的领路人。。
七星雅思7分培训班,雅思. 雅思模拟试题在雅思备考过程中所起的作用不可小觑,通过模拟练习题,我们可以很直接地了解到自己的备考状况,从而可以更有针对性地进行之后的复习。希望以下内容能够对大家的雅思备考有所帮助!
From The Economist print edition
1.REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.
2.One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.
3.Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.
4.As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.
5.Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.
6.Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.
7.One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.
8.The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.
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桂林环球教育专注出国留学课程指导,包含雅思、托福、ACT、SAT等留学英语辅导,在桂林等各地开设多所校区,提升英语听说读写能力。为学生出国留学进行全方位指导。桂林雅思培训,桂林出国语言培训,雅思辅导班、雅思备考,桂林环球雅思经典格言:法国著名作家司汤达的座右铭——谁要干白纸上写黑字这一行,别人说他笨拙,就不应该惊讶或者动气。七星雅思7分培训班,雅思.。
桂林环球雅思,始于1997年。专注于提供雅思、托福、SAT等学习考试培训,开设雅思培训一对一、托福培训一对一、SAT培训班、GMAT/GRE培训班以及国际课程的学习。拥有24年的丰富教学经验。七星雅思7分培训班,雅思.桂林雅思培训,桂林出国语言培训,雅思辅导班、雅思备考,桂林环球雅思经典格言: 心若阳光,无谓悲伤。。
2170元
雅思考试
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2220元
用于英国签证及
移民的 雅思考试报名费 |
1350元
雅思生活技能类
考试报名费 |
420元
雅思考试 转考费 |
420元
雅思考试 退考费 |
1400元
雅思考试成绩 复议费 |
60元/份
额外成绩单寄送
第六份 额外成绩单起 |